Theory on framework issues

Thursday, August 2, 2012

16.0 The supposedly hard problem of consciousness and the nonexistence of sense data: Is your dog a conscious being?

Of dogs and cows
Are dogs conscious? My guess, you think so: that’s why they’re termed “sentient.” We assume that dogs see the world much as we do, despite being receptive to different information; they experience the same conscious data of sense as we experience. You, nevertheless, might be prepared to concede the ultimate unfathomability of the question, but if not, consider a related question: when did consciousness first arise in the course of organic evolution?

The reason the questions are obscure deserves scrutiny. I think I know you’re conscious because you say you know what I’m saying when I mention “consciousness” or “experience,” but the limits of my knowledge of consciousness are telling: I will never find some physical structure to explain it. This isn’t due to lack of empirical research or of theoretical ingenuity. To explain an observation, you must describe it, and the language used for describing conscious experience is the same language used for describing the object the experience refers to. The most I can do to describe the experienced “brownness” is achieved by referring to its cause. When I see a brown cow, I can only describe the raw experience as “brown”: the color that ordinarily gives rise to the experience. Thus, I necessarily omit from the description exactly what I want to explain: the qualitative character of the “brown” experience.

Apparent self-evidence
If qualitative consciousness existed, it would be utterly inexplicable; yet, the evidence of direct experience seems self-evidently to support its own existence. This seemingly immediate awareness of our raw mental states seems to be just what it is like to be ourselves. (Thomas Nagel.) Regardless of the apparent indubitability of the intuition that we have raw experiential states, this intuition remains nothing more than belief, and beliefs are subject to illusions that mislead us systematically.

One reason you might resist the conclusion that qualitative experience is illusory is that wholesale distortion of reality regarding objects of seemingly immediate awareness seems implausible just because of our intimate connection with our own experience, but scientific developments can render seemingly unrelated philosophical positions plausible. The work of neurologists, such as Oliver Sacks, should caution against the prejudice that some experiences are so basic they resist radical distortion and fabrication. An example Sacks describes is a brain-damaged patient who mistook his wife for a hat. Neuroscientists conclude that cognitive functions are assemblies of modules, making it less startling that beliefs can be so radically wrong.

There’s also a conceptual reason for the reluctance of philosophers and scientists to reject the intuition of raw sense experience: lack of clarity about how to characterize the prewired belief responsible for the illusion. The intuition seems too complex and sophisticated to accommodate innate belief; philosophers trying to nail down the precise content of the belief that qualia exist have had recourse to thought experiments remote from actual experience, and nobody seems to have characterized the essence of qualia. My suggestion: the illusion of qualitative awareness is the belief that when we perceive or imagine objects we have independently real experiences characterizable only by the terms used to describe the external object itself. Qualia are inherently ineffable contents of perception or imagination.

The illusion’s evolution
This definition suggests an evolutionary explanation for the illusion of qualitative experience. Thought doesn’t depend on the illusion of consciousness, as one can easily conceive of an intelligent being without illusory beliefs about the nature of the thinking process, but the illusion of consciousness might have encouraged the development of thinking. Perhaps human ancestors evolved the innate belief that they have experiences with properties corresponding to those of their referents because this belief encouraged them to make mental models of the world—encouraged them to engage in the offline thinking unique for our species. Objectified conscious experience could encourage mental-model making by generalizing the prior insight that you can predict one external object by manipulating a similar external object. Our ancestors would then need only substitute internal objects for external ones.

Bypassing “sense data” in the theory of knowledge
According to one longstanding theory in epistemology, sense data are our only basis for knowing the external world. This doctrine, taken to its logical conclusion, leads to skepticism about the external world’s existence: sense data, supposedly our window to the world, became an insuperable barrier to cognition, for if all our knowledge is nothing but construction from sense data, our sense data are all we know. We can’t get out of our own minds.

The reason the sense data theory leads to skeptical conclusions goes back to ineffability. If we know the world by sense data, you can draw conclusions about the world only through analogy, that is, by forming a relationship between two descriptions. Ineffable sense data have nothing in common with a world of things, except their names—such as “brownness.”

Two illusions
This account of raw experience as an adaptive illusion brings clarity to the argument that free will is illusory. The sense of free will, I concluded, is the misperception that experienced deciding causes behavior. But “experience” doesn’t exist. Compatibilist free will is incoherent because it assumes the causal efficacy of unreal raw experience. 

See also the overlapping 16.1. The raw-experience dogma: Dissolving the “qualia” problem.

8 comments:

  1. What is the point of calling something an illusion if it persists (more or less) for a lifetime? What is the difference between this sort of illusion and reality?

    Also, I don't think you've shown that the "experience" doesn't exist. I don't know how you could, since there seems to be no way to investigate experience itself. The man who mistook his wife for a hat did actually experience the hat as his wife, as far as we can tell. He was wrong about it, but his experience was real.

    ReplyDelete
  2. You raise key issues. I'm preparing another essay that will be more systematic and will try to clarify my answer to these challenges.

    Thanks for your comment.

    ReplyDelete
  3. My "systematic" essay is posted at http://tinyurl.com/8gh9vbt. "16.1. The raw-experience dogma: Dissolving the 'qualia' problem."

    The very short answers to your questions, Anonymous, are:

    1. The difference is philosophical and scientific. If raw experience exists, it gives rise to scientific problems of explanation. The fact that nobody can conceive of what a reductive explanation of experience might look like has suggested to some philosophers that the mind has an inherently inexplicable aspect.

    2. Our inability to investigate experience itself argues decisively _against_ believing it exists. It's unjustifiable to believe something exists when you have no way to know it exists.

    ReplyDelete
  4. 'The reason the sense data theory leads to skeptical conclusions goes back to ineffability. If we know the world by sense data, you can draw conclusions about the world only through analogy, that is, by forming a relationship between two descriptions. Ineffable sense data have nothing in common with a world of things, except their names—such as “brownness.”'

    I don't think that is "the" reason for scepticism, and in fact I don't recall seeing it before. AFAIK the standard argument from sense data to
    scepticism is based on parsimony, the idea that an external world is an unnecessary posit.

    ReplyDelete
  5. I agree this Berkeleyan not the only argument advanced for skepticism; even that it isn't widely recited. But I think it's the strongest argument.

    The parsimony argument is subject to the standard response that we "infer" the external world from sense data. The skeptical reply _should_ then be that sense data don't have anything in common with the external world that's inferred--commonality being required since inference is always analogical.

    ReplyDelete
  6. Inference is hardly ever analogical, since argument by analogy is formally invalid. Inference-to-the-best-explanation has little to do with analogy.

    ReplyDelete
  7. A _single_ analogy is never dispositive: this is why argument by analogy is formally invalid. But abductive inference is analogical--what else provides criteria for which explanation is "best"?

    The interactions of molecules in the kinetic theory of gasses is analogized to elastic spheres. Quantum mechanics is built on analogy to waves and particles. Etc.

    ReplyDelete
  8. > But abductive inference is analogical--what else provides criteria for which explanation is "best"?

    Parsimony, conscilience, predictive power, etc.

    > The interactions of molecules in the kinetic theory of gasses is analogized to elastic spheres. Quantum mechanics is built on analogy to waves and particles. Etc.

    That's the content of the theory, not why it is considered true.

    ReplyDelete

Blog Archive

About Me

Joshua Tree, California 92252-2141, United States
SUPPLIER OF LEGAL THEORIES. Attorneys' ghostwriter of legal briefs and motion papers, serving all U.S. jurisdictions. Former Appellate/Law & Motion Attorney at large Los Angeles law firm; J.D. (University of Denver); American Jurisprudence Award in Contract Law; Ph.D. (Psychology); B.A. (The Johns Hopkins University). E-MAIL: srdiamond@gmail.com Phone: 760.974.9279 Some other legal-brief writers research thoroughly and analyze penetratingly, but I bring another two merits. The first is succinctness. I spurn the unreadable verbosity and stupefying impertinence of ordinary briefs to perform feats of concision and uphold strict relevance to the issues. The second is high polish, achieved by allotting more time to each project than competitors afford. Succinct style and polished language — manifested in my legal-writing blog, Disputed Issues — reverse the common limitations besetting brief writers: lack of skill for concision and lack of time for perfection.